If we compare text data with multimedia data types like video, audio and images, it may appear to be simpler to analyze. Annotating the text makes it recognizable for computer vision-based AI models. In text annotation, AI models which are based on natural language processing (NLP) are provided with annotated or labelled text. One of the popular techniques which makes machine learning algorithms understand human speech and language is text annotation. XML markup example.To comprehend the communication process between humans, the machine learning models need to understand the meanings of various sentences, keywords and phrases. Has developed a number of encoding sets for use in the humanities, including an Based on XML, the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)
Main advantage of using XML is that it is a widespread standard that is handled In text archives youĬan still find many texts that are encoded with SGML, the precursor to XML. XML is now more commonly used to annotate texts. Play could thus be marked with the following COCOA code. Placed at the start of a particular element. The (optional) second part can add a certain value.
#TEXT ANNOTATIONS ARE CODE#
Principle of COCOA is that a code is placed between angled brackets and that allĬodes can consist of two parts: the first part specifies the marker type, That you can still find in texts that were digitized in the 20th century. Text analysis is not specifically tailored to processing these arbitrary codes.ĬOCOA is an annotation system that was frequently used a few decades ago and
#TEXT ANNOTATIONS ARE SOFTWARE#
Theĭownside is that it has not been standardized and that software for In such a system, epithets could be encoded as follows:Ī thematic enhancement could be represesented as:Īn advantage of this approach is that it is simple. The easiest way is to add a code behind a reserved character in It is generally done by adding codes, which is usually called There are various ways to add annotations to a text. Grammatical aspects of a text, such as direct speech versus indirect speech Įpithets (such as " "fleet-footed Achilles" and " owl-eyed References to other texts, thematic units, metaphors, elements governing the This can involve, for example, marking names, Headings and bylines may be distinguished from the body text by certain markers.įor certain types of research content-based annotation is added toĪ text or collection of texts. In letters the name of the addressee, the date, the salutation, In poems, titles, stanzas and lines could be marked, and
Investigate differences in word and language usage between certain characters. For example, the latter allows researchers to In plays, acts, scenes, stage instructions and the expressions of theĭifferent characters are often marked.
The book number (I, II, III, etc.), the preface, chapters, and possibly even Relevant markers in a novel could include the title page, Portions of the text or to exclude certain portions of the text from When structural elements in a text are marked, this makes it possible to limit searches to certain More and more, this information is added to the text itself in a so-called header. Weĭistinguish between the following three types of annotation.ĭescriptive metadata identifies the source of the text, for example by providing information concerning the edition of the text or its provenance (archive, library, etc.),Īdministrative metadata provides information about the creation process of the digital version of the source, such as when and how it was created (like editing decisions and a revision history). This is calledĪnnotation of the text, which is usually applied using certain codes. Home page > Digital data > Digital text > Annotation Annotation in text filesįor various reasons, all sorts of information may beīe added to the actual text of digitized text files.
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